2.
  -2024
..  
 
( )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
I.      ,      
II.           
-
III           
IV.  :
(a)  
()   
() 
() 
2.
-
V.       
VI.      ,      
-
VII  '  :
() 
() 
VIII.       
2.
  -2024
..  
 
( )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
I.      ,      
:   
 -      ,     
    -   ,      ,   ,   
          ,     
  ,      -       

       ?  
  ,      
  ?        ,    
                 
 
  
  ,  (PA)     ,      
               
             
             
   
        
  ',          ,   
               
  ,    ,      , 
2.
 '         '       
  "      "  , 
            
  ,         
 -  ,
        (  )  ( 
)       ,       
  
              
  
 ,           ?
1.      
   , , ,     
       ,   (-)   
            
,   ,      -
              
2.   -
-    ,    , , 
, ,           :
        ,    
 
 ,         
 ,     
         
-       
 
3. -
           -    
    ,   ,     
   ,  -      
     
        , 
          
 
4. -
    ,       '  ,   
       
;      ,
           ,
       
  

,         
5.   
   ,       ,    
       , ,    
2.

   ,         ,  
     
6.   
  -,        ,  
    
         
,             
  ,         
7.   
       -  ,
 ,         , 
 
  ,     -    
 
     
      
         
     , ,  , 
            
1.    
  ,     
       
  ,           
     ,    ,     
       ,    -  
-       
2.   
             
,   ,         
       '    : , , ,
         '       
         
3.  
    - ,  ,  ,   , 
,            , - 
         ,    
     
         

2.
4.    
               
       , ,    
       ,    ,  
          ,    HR
   
5.  
             ,  
  ,    ,     
  ,
   - ,       
       
6.     
    ,          ,
 ,            ,
   ,  ,     
    ,       
 
7.    
      
 -     -
         ,      ,
                
        
8.     
    , ,      
  -19          -
             ,  
        
9.    -
             -
, -  ,  ,    
           
 ,  
 
 ,  
 ,       
 
2.
10.    
        
    ,
,  ,         ,   
   ,        
      
 :   
              :
1.   :     ,   
        ,    
      
2.  :           ,
            
    
3.   -:        ,
        ,   NGO,    
   
4.     :     
      ,    , 
      
5.  :   ,      
  ,       
 

 ,         ;       

         ,   , -
,   - ,      , , 
,  ,       
  ,           
  ,   ,   ,     
     ,           , 
    ,        
              , 
  ,         
2.
        
 -      
          ,     - 
II.           
:  :   
 

1970            
  , 
   ,  -   ,       
      ,    ,    
    
 20
              

  ,              
    : "
    

  -
, -,  -?"
      (NPM)   -      
  -         
    
   (NPM)        1980  1990  
 ,   ,      ,     

    (      ) 
   ,    ,      
  
NPM    , ,     ' 
 
         , ,  
 ' 
  , NPM         ,
      
   
2.
"  "    (1991)    ,  
"  "   -  ( )  (
 )  
          " "
(1992)         
 1980         ,  
            ,  
 ,         '  
    
  NPM            
 
 
1.    ( )
NPM  Es '   : ,   
        -       
,    
     ,  -     
:              
  ,    
2.   
      NPM     -
        
 
 ,        
:              
3.    
NPM    '   
    ,       
      ,       

:              
 '    
4.  
2.
             
 ,   ,       
:          
    
5.    
NPM              
            
 
:           

6.   
  '           
   
              
:       ,       
  
7. 
NPM  "    "     ""   
  ,        
  
:            ,  , 
    
8.     
NPM             

-,  ,        
:           
 
9. -  (PPPs)
          
   ,          
   
2.
:              
10.    
          - , 
,  
          ' 
:            
 '  
  NPM      ,     


1.  :   ,  
2.  :        ,   
3. :       
4. :     
 

1.   '  :      
 
 (  , )
2.  :           
 
3. :        
4.    :            
 
  
  ,        ,  - 
,      ,       
    ,     :    
    ,       ,  
        ,      

    :     '  ,    
      
 ,    '     
NPM  -  

2.
              
        ,   -
      ,  ,  ,  
  
  ', NPM            , , 
  '        
 , NPM             
  
   ,  ,       
 -    ,  ,       

-
III           
:   
       ,       
    , , ,  ,    
, -                -
   ,   
 ,     '  
  ,    ,           
 ,    ,  , ,      
       
    ,    
 
  
  ,             
              ,  
         ,    
             
   ,        :
1.     -    ,     , 
,                
  ,   ,         
         
2.     -     ,      
  
   ,    
      ,
2.
    ,       ,  
 
 ,  ,           
        
  
       -   ,        
     ',    ,       ' 
         :
1.  
              
      ,    ,    
   :
  '  
   
    
       (  '   )
: , ,      , ,  
           
         
:
 
  
      
-      
     
:
      
           
2. - 
2.
      , -    , ,  
        '   
-   :
  
     
  ,  ,        
  
:   ,         - 
      ,     '     

  
:
        
     
  
   
:
       
      
3.  
             ,  
()   ()            
    
:
 
  
     '    
:         ,  
  '     
:
  
    
     
2.
:
     
       
4.  
  , , ,           ,
     
  ,     -  
  
:
  '  
     '    
   
:  ,        
,       ,      
  
:
     
       
:
      
    ( )        
 
5.    
             ' 
  ,     (   , ,   ) 
    
:  ,   ( )      
 ,    , ,          
:
2.
       
         
:
           
     
6.  
,                 
 ,      
:
  ' 
       
       
:         
:
     
     
:
      
    ,       
7.  
             
             

 
:   ,        
        
:
2.
   
     
:
        
     
  
  
    ,        
               
    
1.  
        ,     
           ,   
     
2.   
            , 
  -  
3.   
             
             ,    
     
4.   
  -            
     
    
5.   
    '           
      ,       
6. 
2.
            

          
7. 
  , ,         
          
8.  
          
      
        
9.   
              
              
 
10.    
  ,           
     

    ,            ,
   (),  (),   (  )      
       ,     , 
    
 
     ,   ,   ,     ,
  ,       
       
,      ,         
        '   ,    
        '   
2.
IV.  :
(a)  
()   
() 
() 
: ,   ,    '    |
 

   
            

        ,     ,  - 
   
  '     -  ,  ,
  '   -    
        ' 
  ,        
           ,   
 ,  ,    , , ,     
      ,    ;  ,   
        
(a)  

        
     
              
 :          ?
   :          ,  
   ,    ,           
,           '    
  
         ' 50     ,  
      5       ,    10
    ,      
  
2.
1.  :    
o :  ,  
o :    ,    
2.  :    
o :  ,  ,  
o :  '     ,    
      
  :         ;    
    
  :        
   :      
 
  :  ..      
 
     " " 
     
    ,     '      
'   
()   

                
 
     ,         
   ,   -   ,     
 
  
                 
           ,        
  
 :  ,  

  :         
   :    
  
 :     
 
2.

  ,             ,
  ,         ( ) 
   
 
      ,         
       
() 

 -            
  
 ""          ,  -  '  
 ,      
  
         
 ,     
   
,    ,  
 ,   ,
, , ,  HR      
  
  :        
 :   ',      
  :       
:      
  
 :         
 :      
 :     
  :    
:         
 
2.
  "  "             ,
 ,        
 
() 

                
                
, -  
     "" ()  "" ()    -  ,
" "
  
                 ,
  ,    ,    
   
  
  
1. :       
2. :       
3. :       
4. :  '   
5. :    
   
  
  '    
  
  
 
   ,           ,
            

 
    
   - 
 -          
2.
           
  
    
          
 
         
      
  ,   ,   
 
 
     ,         :
         
          
    
 
-         
 ,          ,   
  
        
             
  
    
        ,   
 
          
     ,      
 
   ,         ,     


  ,   ,           
   , ,     
  
      ,          
         
 ,     
 -    , ,    
     
   ,      ,  
2.
        ,    ,     ,
    
-
V.       
:    
           , 
               ,   
       -         

    ,    : "      
?"    
      ?          
   ?      
         

                  

         ,     ,   
  ,            
  ,          ,   ,
         ,   
1.  
          :    
            
     ,
  ,     ,          
 '          :    
       
 :
 :       
 :        ,   
      
  :      ,     
   
 :     
 :    
2.
:
     ,    
 '  
     
-      
:
           ,    
   
       '   
                
 
     
         
   
         ,         

  
2. 
               , 
    ,    ,        
 ,             
 :
 :  ' 2  20    (       
)
 :          , -
     
 :      '   ( 
 )
  :          

:
     
        
-      
2.
      
:
 :  ,     '    
      
    ,       
                (   
     )
            ,  
  ,     
3.    (LLP)
-   ,           
     (LLP)           
   :                
         
 :
        
 :           
  :          
:             
 
:
   
  
         
          
:
      
    ,       
        
2.
LLP           
 ,  
       
4.    (JHF) 
                
  
 ,            
     ,      '  ,   (  
 )     
 :
           
        
     ;     '  

        
:
  
    
   
-   
   
:
      
   
     
           
         ' ,      
 ,             
5.    (JSC)
,          ,  
       
           ,       
          
     
  ,          
2.
 :
   :    ,    () 
 
 :           
 :          
   :     
    
:
  :    '   ,      

  :        '   
 
:
 
       
         
     
 
           
:
      
  -   
     '     
        
      - 
   , 
   
 ,               
  
6.  
,           '     
     ,       '  
 :
          
 ,   
2.
     
    '    
:
     
    
        
        
:
          
 ,    
       
   
      
          
  - 
     
     ,          
7. 
 ,      :      
  ,       
  
    
 ,  , " "     ,    
 
 :
          
      
 ,      
:
  
     
     
     
       
:
  -        
2.
     
 
   '    '   
         '   -  -  

,  
    
 
:   
        ,    - 
 :   
:      
:       
  :  -   ,   
  
  :,    ,  
 
 :    ,    ' 
 
:    ,   
    , ,        ' 
   ,          ,   
              
 
 ,         
;      
 
 
 ,     
 , , ,   
  
VI.      ,      
:   : ,   
 

            '       
'   -       ,      
2.
  ' 
   , ,       
-   
              
    
 ,       
    
       (   '
   )    (   ,  
 
   )    
     
 :            
 '       ,    ,  
      ""  : , ,  
,    
 :          , 
         '   
 
 ,        ""  ""
 :  ,   (  ),   

  ,            
     
1.  
       '          
 :
1. :          ,    
   
o :  ,  
2.  :           
 
o : LIC, ONGC,   ()
3.   :       ,  
  
 
o :  , , 
2.  
      ,         
  :
2.
1.   :        
o :  ,   
2.   :       
o :   (  ),  ,  
     
   
1.  :             
o :        
2.  :          
3.   :         
 
 
4.  :        - ,  ,
, 
5. :    '       
   
1.  :         
  
o :        
2.   :    ,       
 
3. :  -     
 
o :      
4.   :     ,     ,
    
 
5.   :          
    
     
             
   ( )       
 ,  
 ( )   ,     ,     

    
       
        
  ,      
 
  
2.
         
  ( )          
 ,    ,      
  ( / ,    )    :
   ,      ,    
   
   ,   
     ,    ', 
 ',        
     
:   '  ,   '
:           
:         
   :         
 '  
 
  
1.     :        
       ;      
       
2.   :          ,  
   
3.  :    -     
 
4.   :           '
 

 
         
  ,  
      ,    ( )  
( )   
              
 -  ,  ,   -      
         ,    
 
  
2.

            
   - -   
   -     
  ,    
      
    
   ;          ,  
,    
 
 ,  
   ,         
  
,           - ,  
         : ,    ,   
 
 
-
VII  '  :
() 
() 
:() 
             ,  
 ,      ,       ,
              '  
   -            :   
   ,     ,     
 
    
   ,        
   ,             
;     ,  
 ,     
    ,          '
   
  , ,     
    
     ,          ,    
         ,      
2.
           ,   
      
   
    ,            
    
 :
1.  -              
             , 
            
2.   -        ,   
             
  
3. -    ,       
       
4. -         
      '     
5.  -   ,      ' 
            
6. -    ,       
        
  
     
 -   -    
     :
1.  -           
             
2.  -           
     '   ,      

3.  -         
 ,        '   
4. -  -      ',     
   '  
5. - -           
    ,        
 
  
    
   :
1.     -          
     
2.
2.   -     ,    

      
3.  -   ,        
4.   -       ,  
       
5.  -            
 
6. -    
   ,      '  
 
   
  -    
;         
  '       ,   ,  
  ,    
   -      
         ,  ,    -
    
 ,  , -   
     
 
             :
1.   -           
      
2.  -          
     
3. -         ,    
 
4.   -        
   
 ' 
 ,              
 , ,         ,    
    ,   
         ' 
             
() 
    
          , 
  ,   
      ' 
,  -
           ,      ,
2.
              -    
    
    
   , ,     -    
     
;   ,       
    
 ,  
 ,  

 
 
       :
1.  -       
2. - , ,       
3. -        - , ,   
4. -        ( , -, ,
,  )
5. -      
6. -          
7. -   ,  
        
    :       ,       
       , ,      
 
  
1.  -       : , , 
         
2. - -     ,   -, -   
   , -       
3.  -      : ,  , 

4. - - ,   :   ,  
' 
5. - -      ,  ,  
   
6. - -    
 ,   , , 

  
  ,         :
2.
1.   -          
2.  -   ,    
 
3.   -          
 
4.  -          '   
5.   -           
  
                 
:
1.  -            

    
2.  - , ,      
3.  - -   - ,   - 

4.  - , ,         
5.  -    -      
   
1.  -    '     ,   
2.   - ,     ;    
3.   -       , -  
 
4. -           
5. -           ' 

  
            , 
,           ,   
  ,    
 ,      
 
           ,    
  '       ,       ,  
  ,     ,      
    
 ' 
     ,           
; 
,        ,  ,    , 
    ,  
 ,    
 
2.
   
               
     ,  ,    
   
,          ,  ,    
    
 ,           '   , 
  ,    
           
 ,        ,      

 ,         ,       
   
          -  
, ,           
         ,     
,    
VIII.       
:     
 

        ""      ', 
  -     ,   ,     

         
        ? 
        ,   
     
         ?   
 ,     
   '     
     ,          '
      -    
 ,   
    
   
 ?
2.
       ,    :   

?
         , 
 ,   
       '  : "   ,   
     "
  ,  , ,      
   , ,     
 
 ,          ,   
 
   
         '     

       ,   
   
1.  
o    
o        
  
o      '   ,       
o   
        
'    
o

:  ,   "  " 
2.     
o         
o   (    )      
o             
 
o

:          
3.   -
o ,  ,     '    
    
o        
 
4.    
o     "  "    
o  
  ():    CAG   
 
2.
o  :       
o    :        
o   ,     
5.      
o     ,        
o   
,          
    
6.   
o             
o

:         
   
             

        (   

 )
  :       
        
 :            
  
   
   ,          
 '    
   
1.     
o        
o      
 ,  
   
o         
2.   
o      ,    
 
o      
 
o

:  ,       
   '   
2.
3.   
o   ,  ,    
 
o       
4.   
o      ;       
  
o  ,      '  
5.    
o           
o   ,    '    
6.    
o      
     
o          
7.  
o      ,   

   
o        
 
   
    '  ;  " '   "
  
        
       
 :           ,  
     
  
       
     
    '   ,    ,   
              
     , -  
,     ,          
 
2.
 ,       ()     
            ;   
   
      
      -       

       -     
   
      ,      
   ,      

         ,    ,  

    ,        , 
   , ,      
 
  ,           
     
     
     
 ,      ,       
   -    ' ,  ,     
     ' 
"               

       ,         "